The fringe theory says that the meltdown is the largest nuclear disaster in history and dwarfs the Chernobyl accident. Second, His disciples took away His body quickly, and prepared His burial in secret. The idea runs parallel with the fringe theory that the term conspiracy theory was invented by the CIA to discredit people who question media accounts of important events. All of it backed up by resource, experiments and information. Once the cameras are on, Bushs demeanor changes completely. Believers claim that radiation from the plant has spread around the world and is causing negative health concerns and that Fukushima is not experiencing some leaks, but the disaster is an ongoing event like never witnessed before, which might continue for hundreds of years. Discussion of mainstream ideas should be sourced from reliable mainstream sources. For one, His crucifixion was too brief (around six hours) to ensure certain death. Hitlerwho got wind of the planhad no other choice but to launch a preemptive strike. What can we reasonably expect from ageing research? Stanley Meyer's water fuel cell) may be treated as pseudoscience. Journals that are not peer reviewed by the wider academic community should not be considered reliable, except to show the views of the groups represented by those journals.[9]. McKenna based this theory mainly on his own experienceduring his lifetime, he personally indulged in numerous psychedelic substances. Further elaborating the continuous magnetization model of uniaxial permanent magnets and magnetic actuation principles at the high fields (28-31), in this study, we present a canvas of UHF magnetic guidewire steering strategies in the MRI scanner ().By challenging the common assumption that the magnetic objects are fully aligned with the ultrahigh MRI main field (8, 27), we observed that the . Formulated by French librarian Jean Hardouin in 1693, this theory holds that a shadowy group had forged numerous ancient Greek, Roman, and Latin texts during the 13th and 14th centuries. Collectively their conclusions are ground-breaking. It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though it is best treated with, For what to do with a subject that does not qualify for a separate article, see. Agran gained public support during his campaign, but he was banned from debates and conferences. On October 27, residents noticed a thick, yellowish, and acrid smog cloud hovering over the city. Some believe that the ancient Phoenicians were the first people to ever successfully set sail to the Americas, allegedly reaching the east coast of Central America more than 2,000 years before Columbus. One example is Mosess Exodus, which later became Muhammads flight from Mecca. Note, however, that the mainstream scientific subjects are discussed and linked to in both of the above articles about fringe subjects (the Astrology article discusses astronomy, and Autodynamics discusses special relativity). Wikipedia primarily focuses on the state of knowledge today, documenting the past when appropriate (identifying it as such), and avoiding speculation about the future. We havent perfected this science mainly because it is incredibly controversial and requires so much human testing, but maybe 50 years from now well all be able to pop a pill and have telekinetic and telepathic powers. Examples of unreliable journals include, but are not limited to: the Creation Research Society Quarterly, Homeopathy, and the Journal of Frontier Science (which uses blog comments[8] as its supposed peer review). Such claims may contain or be followed by qualifiers to maintain neutralitye.g. Rarely, fringe ideas do become accepted by 'regular' scientists. Postulated by Azjen (1991)5, the theory of planned behavior (TPB) is a generalized theory of human behavior in the social psychology literature that can be used to study a wide range of individual behaviors. After his execution, his main detractorsthe Bishop of Nantes and the Duke of Brittanyseized his assets and divided them among themselves. Not only that, he contended that the Bible, particularly the New Testament, was originally written in Latin. One of the first people to propose the theory was David P. Strachan in an article published in the British Medical Journal in 1989. Pseudoscience usually relies on attacking mainstream scientific theories and methodology while lacking a critical discourse itself (as is common among proponents of creation science), relies on weak evidence such as anecdotal evidence or weak statistical evidence (as for example in parapsychology), or indulges a suspect theoretical premise (such as the claims of water memory made by advocates of homeopathy). The more appropriate . A superseded, or obsolete, scientific theory is a scientific theory that was once commonly accepted but (for whatever reason) is no longer considered the most complete description of reality by mainstream science; or a falsifiable theory which has been shown to be false. She describes all of them as trying to make sense of the world using the scientific method, but in the face of not being able to understand the complex theories of modern science. Fringe science theories are often advanced by persons who have no traditional academic science background, or by researchers outside the mainstream discipline. According to McGovern, beer itself was actually the primary reason our ancestors settled down in the first place. One of the most infamous Mexican drug lords in history, Lazcano was known for his extreme violence, and built an empire of 10,000 gunmen that spread from the Rio Grande into Central America. "[6] This characterization is perhaps inspired by the eccentric behavior of many researchers of the kind known colloquially (and with considerable historical precedent) as mad scientists. For example, the Book of Genesis itself should be primarily covered as a work of ancient literature, as part of the Hebrew or Christian Bible, or for its theological significance, rather than as a cosmological theory. So far, this unconventional view has sparked great controversy. There are numerous reasons for these requirements. Note that fringe journals exist, some of which claim peer review. Yes, that is correct, his name is Rich Walker. Only a very few of these actually have any meaningful peer review outside of promoters of the fringe theories, and they should generally be considered unreliable. Fringe views, products, or those who promote them, may be mentioned in the text of other articles only if independent reliable sources connect the topics in a serious and prominent way. A fringe theory is an idea that departs from the mainstream view. During the Middle Ages, invading armies would fling plague-ridden corpses over castle walls. The consensus of editors may even be to not include the quote at all. Reliable sources on Wikipedia may include peer-reviewed journals; books published by university presses; university-level textbooks; magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses; and mainstream newspapers. Not all pseudoscience and fringe theories are alike. Hardouin believed the group had created the Greek versions solely to corrupt the peoplea plan foiled only by the timely distribution of the Latin version. Purpose - The purpose of this research is to examine the undergraduate thesis methodology, programming languages, and databases utilized to create thesis projects. Using a method he called empirico-statistical analysis, Fomenko arrived at the conclusion that ancient history was really just a distorted version of Medieval events. This hypothesis was started in the 19th century by Karl Bahrdt, Karl Venturini, and a handful of other theologians. Despite the evidence, many people in Mexico have suspected that Heriberto Lazcano is still alive. In addition, there is an approximate demarcation between pseudoscience and questionable science, and they merit careful treatment. A study published in April 2013 suggested that nuclear fallout from Fukushima has caused significant elevated rates of congenital thyroid illness in infants born on the West Coast of the US and Hawaii. The negative information around Fukushima has caused people in Japan, Canada, and the United States to call for a monitoring system that will track air pollution and seafood quality on a weekly basis. To search for food, our ancestors developed an upright posture that enabled them to use their hands while wading into deeper waters. Inquiries far outside of mainstream science, strategies for engineered negligible senescence, List of topics characterized as pseudoscience, "Distinguishing Science from Pseudoscience", "Two Scientists Jailed; Pair Sentenced in Maine in Sale of 'Accumulators', "THE RESURRECTION OF WILHELM REICH AND ORGONE THERAPY", "Fantastically Wrong: Why Is the Sky Blue? However, he might have used a metal pole or broomstick. For more criteria, see Trefil, James S. (1978). This list catalogs well-accepted theories in science and pre-scientific natural philosophy and natural history which have since been superseded by scientific theories.Many discarded explanations were once supported by a scientific consensus, but replaced after more empirical information became available that identified flaws and prompted new theories which better explain the available data. The boundary between fringe science and pseudoscience is disputed. Evolution, The Big Bang Theory, and Continental Drift all began on the fringes of science and todaywhile still debated by someare taken as scientific truth. : Fringe science. Almost immediately, they started to complain of respiratory distress and illness. The Washington Post has also asked for answers about how Todashev died. 1. The company didnt respond to our request for a price quote, but we can go ahead and assume most people arent going to be running out to buy one anytime soon. Some other potential causes for the outbreak of allergies in developed countries include infant feeding (formula), overexposure to allergens, and exposure to pollutants. She also finds it fair that credentialed scientists do not bother spending a lot of time learning about and explaining problems with the fringe theories of uncredentialed scientists, since the authors of those theories have not taken the time to understand the mainstream theories they aim to disprove. However, ideas should not be excluded from the encyclopedia simply because they are widely held to be wrong. We still use all sorts of drugs to try and utilize all the nooks and crannies of the brain. This is definitely a baseless CONSPIRACY theory. More evidence that we will all be his underlings some day. Later on, he claimed that the followers of a mysterious figure named Severus Archontius (an allusion to Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire) perpetrated these false documents. To determine whether something is pseudoscientific or merely an alternative theoretical formulation, consider this: Alternative theoretical formulations generally tweak things on the frontiers of science, or deal with strong, puzzling evidencewhich is difficult to explain awayin an effort to create a model that better explains reality. It has expanded to suggest that human exposure to bacteria is important for immune system development. When discussing topics that reliable sources say are pseudoscientific or fringe theories, editors should be careful not to present the pseudoscientific fringe views alongside the scientific or academic consensus as though they are opposing but still equal views. Peer review is an important feature of reliable sources that discuss scientific, historical or other academic ideas, but it is not the same as acceptance by the scientific community. This label does not cover theories that . [2]:176, The term "fringe science" covers everything from novel hypotheses which can be tested by means of the scientific method to wild ad hoc hypotheses and mumbo jumbo. It must be shown that reliable sources treat the journal as a respected peer-reviewed journal. Fringe science refers to ideas whose attributes include being highly speculative or relying on premises already refuted. [7], Although most fringe science is rejected, the scientific community has come to accept some portions of it. . For example, in the article about Bigfoot, a verifiably attributed and accurately preserved quotation might take the following form: The Bigfoot Field Researchers Association has stated, "Scientists from various disciplines put the most compelling sasquatch evidence to the test. Some people have examined the images of the dead man and suggested flaws, discrepancies, and tampering. Brooks-Baker traced the lineage of 33 US presidents back to Alfred the Great and Charlemagne. The idea has been picked up by journalists in Palestine, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia, who have claimed that Franklins prophecy is now coming true in the US administration.. Of course, for any viewpoint described in an article, only reliable sources should be used; Wikipedia's verifiability and biographies of living persons policies are not suspended simply because the topic is a fringe theory. They are needed to demonstrate that an idea is sufficiently notable to merit a dedicated article about it. Because Wikipedia aims to summarize significant opinions with representation in proportion to their prominence, a Wikipedia article should not make a fringe theory appear more notable or more widely accepted than it is. Brooks-Baker also claimed that Queen Elizabeth is related to the Prophet Mohammed. There is now scientific proof for the existence of a giant primate species in North Americaa species fitting the descriptions of sasquatches (bigfoots).". Scholarly opinion is generally the most authoritative source to identify the mainstream view. For example, fringe theories in science depart significantly from mainstream science and have little or no scientific support. Critics of the theory say that it is based on highly speculative amateur research and lacks any substantial basis, while believers continue to focus on the historical linguistics of certain place names and scriptural interpretations of historical text. It has been estimated that the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster released approximately one-tenth of the radiation of the Chernobyl accident. The hygiene hypothesis is a theory that says children in developed countries may be more susceptible to allergic diseases because of a lack of exposure to certain infectious agents, which has caused a problem with the natural development of the immune systems. In 1783, a book titled The United States Elevated to Glory and Honor was published, suggesting that similarities exist between the United States and Israel. Fomenko also saw Jerusalem as an allegory of either Constantinople, or even ancient Troy. Fringe views of those better known for other achievements or incidents should not be given undue prominence, especially when these views are incidental to their fame. Care should be taken with journals that exist mainly to promote a particular viewpoint. Simply including such a statement in the lead or in a section on scientific evaluation of Bigfoot claims is potentially misleading, non-neutral, and lacking in verifiability. If mentioning a fringe theory in another article gives undue weight to the fringe theory, discussion of the fringe theory may be limited, or even omitted altogether. The aquatic ape theory states that our ancestors lived a semi-aquatic existence, inhabiting the edges of large bodies of water. Reliable sources are needed for any article in Wikipedia. Although fringe science is founded in established science, it explores . Such theoretical formulations may fail to explain some aspect of reality, but, should they succeed in doing so, will usually be rapidly accepted. Wikipedia is not and must not become the validating source for non-significant subjects, and it is not a forum for original research. Germ theory denialism is the pseudoscientific belief that germs do not cause infectious disease, and that the germ theory of disease is wrong. Little is known about the true origin of the Toledot, but many feel it was circulated orally before being put into various literary forms. The world is so complex that there are many truths. In the early 1990s, Springer spent a year searching over back-channel satellite news footage to find controversial clips that werent meant for public view. By 2015, the widespread impact of the radiation will be felt in Japan. Fringe science topics Mind Control Pyrokinesis Teleportation Psychokinesis Nanotechnology Artificial Intelligence Precognition Dark Matter Suspend Animation Cybernetics Transmogrification Hypnosis ESP Neuroscience Clairaudience Hive Mind Parallel Universes Cryonics Astral Projection Protoscience Mutation Genetic Engineering Transhumanism Specifically theories that didn't start out as a scientific/STEM discovery. If youve read the story about Jesuss tomb being in Japanor about the crazy cult that believes that the ancient Japanese taught the Jews to speak Hebrewthen you probably know where this is going. The Donora smog is one of the most deadly air pollution disasters in US history. 1Identifying fringe theories Toggle Identifying fringe theories subsection 1.1Spectrum of fringe theories 1.1.1Pseudoscience 1.1.2Questionable science 1.1.3Alternative theoretical formulations 2Sourcing Toggle Sourcing subsection 2.1Reliable sources 2.2Independent sources 2.3Parity of sources 2.4Attribution 2.4.1Quotations However, the theory was heavily derided in its infancy by the mainstream scientific community. Fringe theories include the models and proposals of fringe science as well as similar ideas in other areas of scholarship, such as the humanities.The term is commonly used in a narrower sense as a pejorative roughly synonymous with pseudo-scholarship.Precise definitions that distinguish between widely held viewpoints . If the status of a given idea changes, then Wikipedia changes to reflect that change. During the event, people were forced to fight to the death in a manner similar to the gladiator fights of ancient Rome. After His death, He escaped the tomb on His own or with the help of His disciples. Likewise, exceptional claims in Wikipedia require high-quality reliable sources. See Wikipedia:Fringe theories/Arbitration cases. Wikipedia is also not a crystal ball: While currently accepted scientific paradigms may later be rejected, and hypotheses previously held to be controversial or incorrect sometimes become accepted by the scientific community (e.g., plate tectonics), it is not the place of Wikipedia to venture such projections. He was not identified until a group of masked men stole the body from a local funeral home. In general, Wikipedia should always give prominence to established lines of research found in reliable sources and present neutral descriptions of other claims with respect to their historical, scientific, and cultural prominence. Acceptance of new science can come slowly. The neutral point of view policy requires that all majority and significant-minority positions be included in an article. In fact, its origins are rooted in Bchamp's empirically disproven (in the context of disease) theory of pleomorphism. write that "From a media perspective it is evident that controversial science sells, not only because of its dramatic value, but also since it is often connected to high-stake societal issues."[32]. Alternative theoretical formulations from within the scientific community are not pseudoscience, but part of the scientific process. ", Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science, The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fringe_science&oldid=1148162414, Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2010, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from June 2022, Articles with AV media file bare URLs for citations, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 4 April 2023, at 13:05. Sufficiently notable for dedicated articles: Not sufficiently notable for dedicated articles: Just because an idea is not accepted by most experts does not mean it should be removed from Wikipedia. In the wake of the crisis, a large number of people in Donora got cancer. Even to know what the majority thinks you need a LARGE SAMPLE SIZE to get an idea. Fringe science refers to ideas whose attributes include being highly speculative or relying on premises already refuted. [2] For writers and editors of Wikipedia articles to write about controversial ideas in a neutral manner, it is of vital importance that they simply restate what is said by independent secondary sources of reasonable reliability and quality. In the Middle Ages, the Toledot Yeshu was apparently used by some Jewish communities in order to discredit Christianity. The documentary concludes that certain US presidential candidates have been selected and promoted to win elections, while others are threatened, accosted, and ignored by the media. 39462, posted 15 Jun 2012 12:52 UTC The Search for New Drugs: A Theory of R&D in the Pharmaceutical Industry Massoud Khazabi1 University of Ottawa The paper . Unfortunately, The FBI has sealed all documents in the case, so it is impossible to determine what really happened. Since fringe theories may be obscure topics that few non-adherents write about, there may only be a small number of sources that directly dispute them. Supposedly, Franklin felt Jews wouldnt integrate into society and would undermine the Christian faith. If psychedelic plants have the ability to induce a veritable religious experience, then surely they could also have been instrumental in fast-forwarding our ancestors evolution? So if Muhammad never really existed, who had invented him, and why? Game theory: John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern, 1944 (with important embellishments from John Nash in the 1950s) Developed for economics, where it has had some successes, game theory. Fringe ideas that go against mainstream scientific thought are effectively a constant in most areas of science, and there are a number of examples where the ideas have moved from the fringes. Similarly to the Christ Myth, this theory holds that the founder of Islam never existed at all. A fringe theory is an idea or viewpoint held by a small group of supporters. They point to the fact that no identification was found on the body, and that the recorded height of the man was not consistent with Lazcanos size.

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