His relics were brought back to Constantinople about 438, and he was later declared a doctor (teacher) of the church. He was later given the caption of "Doctor of the Church" because of the value of his writings (600 sermons and 200 letters survive). The rich did not appreciate hearing from John that private property existed because of Adams fall from grace any more than married men liked to hear that they were bound to marital fidelity just as much as their wives were. . St. John Chrysostom is the most eloquent, the most popular and most practical preacher that has ever flourished in the Church. In 387 John calmed the riotous citizens of Antioch, who had treated the images of the sacred emperors with disrespect and were threatened with reprisals, with a famous course of sermons known as the homilies on the statues. His brilliant exposition and moral teaching have the note of universality; his words remain forceful, and his humorous sallies are still as pungent as when they provoked laughter in the congregations of Antioch and Constantinople. Nor is it possible to decide if his downfall was not engineered by some influential Jews at Arcadius' court. The most valuable of his works from this period are his homilies on various books of the Bible. [68] Chrysostom wrote that, already in his day, it was customary for Antiochenes to send their sons to be educated by monks. 2, Op. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. On Wealth and Poverty: St. John Chrysostom. Olympias born into a wealthy noble Constantinople family. [60] Steven T. Katz cites Chrysostom's homilies as "the decisive turn in the history of Christian anti-Judaism, a turn whose ultimate disfiguring consequence was enacted in the political antisemitism of Adolf Hitler."[61]. He criticized those Christians in Antioch who cooperated with Jews in religious matters, kept the Sabbath, the "great fast," and other Jewish festivals; they even submitted to circumcision and participated in pilgrimages to Jewish holy places. "And if he enjoys it, he naturally wants to receive it. He was visited by loyal followers, and wrote letters of encouragement to others: "When you see the church scattered, suffering the most terrible trials, her most illustrious members persecuted and flogged, her leader carried away into exile, don't only consider these events, but also the things that have resulted: the rewards, the recompense, the awards for the athlete who wins in the games and the prizes won in the contest.". For he did not say "thy will be done in me or in us", but "on earth", the whole earth, so that error may be banished from it, truth take root in it, all vice be destroyed on it, virtue flourish on it, and earth no longer differ from heaven. [1], One incident that happened during his service in Antioch illustrates the influence of his homilies. He died on his way there on September 14, 407. A native of Antioch, Chrysostom was elected Patriarch of Constantinople in AD 398, although he was named to the post against his wishes. It resulted in his deposition and banishment. His father, who was a military officer, died shortly after his birth. [52] There had been a revival of Jewish faith and tolerance in Antioch in 361, so Chrysostom's followers and the greater Christian community were in contact with Jews frequently, and Chrysostom was concerned that this interaction would draw Christians away from their faith identity. [72], During a time when city clergy were subject to criticism for their high lifestyle, John was determined to reform his clergy in Constantinople. The Anaphora is the most solemn part of the Divine liturgy, Mass, or other Christian Communion rite where the offerings of bread and wine are consecrated as the body and blood of Christ. It consists of twenty sections, listed below; some of the sections comprise several different parts of the liturgy. [14][15] Different scholars describe his mother Anthusa as a pagan or as a Christian. [47] In particular, he criticizes Christians for taking part in such activities: If you ask [Christians] who is Amos or Obadiah, how many apostles there were or prophets, they stand mute; but if you ask them about the horses or drivers, they answer with more solemnity than sophists or rhetors.[47]. Emperor Theodosius II, son of Arcadius and Eudoxia, publicly asked forgiveness for the sins of his parents. John was the son of a high-ranking military officer and was raised as a Christian by his widowed mother. John Chrysostom: From the Editor - Admiring the Fire, Subscribe to CT magazine for full access to the. Statues of the emperor and his family were desecrated. In 1988, in connection with the 1,000th anniversary of the Baptism of Russia, the head, along with other important relics, was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church and kept at the Epiphany Cathedral, until being moved to the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour after its restoration. This is the usual name for this part of the Liturgy in Eastern Christianity, but it is more often called the Eucharistic Prayer. [19], John lived in extreme asceticism and became a hermit in about 375; he spent the next two years continually standing, scarcely sleeping, and committing the Bible to memory. The zeal and clarity of his preaching, which appealed especially to the common people, earned him the Greek surname meaning golden-mouthed. His tenure as archbishop was stormy, and he died in exile. 2008 The Gale Group. [83], Most of John's relics were looted from Constantinople by crusaders in 1204 and taken to Rome, but some of his bones were returned to the Orthodox Church on 27 November 2004 by Pope John Paul II. Shop St. John Chrysostom. If any have laboured long in fasting , Let him how receive his recompense. He is known for his eloquence in preaching and public speaking, his denunciation of abuse of authority by both ecclesiastical and political leaders, the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, and his ascetic sensibilities. . He emphasised charitable giving and was concerned with the spiritual and temporal needs of the poor. St. John Chrysostom's Church is a Roman Catholic parish church under the authority of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York, in the Morrisania section of the New York City borough of the Bronx . John was raised in Antioch, a leading intellectual center of late antiquity, by his widowed mother, Anthusa, a pious Christian woman. An early Byzantine mosaic from the Cathedral of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (modern Istanbul). He is honoured as a saint in the Oriental Orthodox, Eastern Orthodox, Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches, as well as in some others. He is considered a saint by both the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church. ", His large bald head, deeply set eyes, and sunken cheeks reminded people of Elisha the prophet. Chrysostom goes on to discuss sexual relations, the mutual responsibilities of marriage, and parenting. He has also via his theology and preaching had a lasting, if smaller, influence upon western Christianity. Licensing[edit] Other historians, including Wendy Mayer and Geoffrey Dunn, have argued that "the surplus of evidence reveals a struggle between Johannite and anti-Johannite camps in Constantinople soon after John's departure and for a few years after his death". No one thinks any more of my sermons, nor of the holy and awesome mysteries that are accomplished here. Image has been cropped.) Chrysostomos. The interference of Innocent is courted, a certain primacy is accorded him, but at the same time he is not addressed as a supreme arbitrator; assistance and sympathy are solicited from him as from an elder brother, and two other prelates of Italy are joint recipients with him of the appeal. There is an English translation in the first series of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers (London and New York, 188990). The Russian state archives document these payments up until 1735. John Chrysostom was born in 347 in Antioch to Secundus, a high-ranking military officer, and Anthusa. His natural gifts, as well as exterior circumstances, helped him to become what he was. The Greek edition is edited by Sir Henry Savile (eight volumes, Eton, 1613); the most complete Greek and Latin edition is edited by Bernard de Montfaucon (thirteen volumes, Paris, 171838, republished in 183440, and reprinted in Migne's Patrologia Graeca, volumes 4764). Author: St John Chrysostom. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. "Discourses Against Judaizing Christians". [24], During his time as archbishop he adamantly refused to host lavish social gatherings, which made him popular with the common people, but unpopular with wealthy citizens and the clergy. Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom (Grechaninov), a choral work composed by Alexander Grechaninov in 1897. New Age Thinking Lured Me into Danger. John's social and religious world was formed by the continuing and pervasive presence of paganism in the life of the city. Saint John Chrysostom was a Christian priest and archbishop. He therefore admitted her, carefully dividing the cave in two parts, one for each of them. Printable Catholic Saints PDFs. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Paperback: 114 pages. [46] In general, his homiletical theology displays much characteristic of the Antiochian school (i.e., somewhat more literal in interpreting biblical events), but he also uses a good deal of the allegorical interpretation more associated with the Alexandrian school.[1]. 27: The Tale of a Discovery". John appealed his banishment to the bishop of Rome, Pope Innocent I; the latter, with the help of the Western emperor Honorius, attempted to intervene, but his efforts were brought to nothing by Johns enemies. It was led by Gaudentius of Brescia; Gaudentius and his companions, two bishops, encountered many difficulties and never reached their goal of entering Constantinople. [57] This does not preclude assertions that Chrysostom's theology was a form of anti-Jewish supersessionism. For other uses, see. She was orphaned when a child and was given over to the care of Theodosia by her uncle, the prefect Procopius. [11][12] The Coptic Church also recognizes him as a saint (with feast days on 16 Thout and 17 Hathor). Subject: Portrait of Saint John Chrysostom of Antioch (Hagios Ioannis Chrysostomos). Corrections? He made another enemy in Aelia Eudoxia, wife of emperor Arcadius, who assumed that John's denunciations of extravagance in feminine dress were aimed at herself. These three saints, in addition to having their own individual commemorations throughout the year, are commemorated together on 30 January, a feast known as the Synaxis of the Three Hierarchs.[42]. "Das bisher vermisste Textstck in Johannes Chrysostomus, Adversus Judaeos, Oratio 2", Zeitschrift fr Antikes Christentum 5, pp. His actions taken against unworthy bishops in Asia Minor were viewed by other ecclesiastics as a greedy, uncanonical extension of his authority. He was called back by Arcadius almost immediately, as the people became "tumultuous" over his departure, even threatening to burn the imperial palace. ", Dumortier, Jean (1951). He died in the Presbyterium or community of the clergy belonging to the church of Saint Basiliscus of Comana. In the spring of 388, a rebellion erupted in Antioch over the announcement of increased taxes. Catholic Online Prayers - thousands of prayers. This page was last edited on 30 April 2023, at 12:55. John Chrysostom : biography 349 - 407 one of his two major unaccompanied choral works; Pyotr Tchaikovsky's Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, Op.41; and Ukrainian composer Kyrylo Stetsenko's Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom; and Arvo Prt's Litany, which sets seven sentence prayers of Chrysostom's Divine Liturgy for chorus and orchestra. About St. John Chrysostom. He is recognized as a saint in the Orthodox and Catholic Churches and is one of the Three Holy Hierarchs along with Basil the Great and Gregory Nazianzus. [82][non-primary source needed], John Chrysostom died in the city of Comana in 407 on his way to his place of exile. After his death in 407 C.E., he was given the Greek title "chrysostomos", meaning "golden mouthed" in English.. 13 (1897), Liturgy of Johannes Chrysostomos No. Homilies on the Gospel of St. John and the Epistle to the Hebrews. In 381, he became a deacon and was later ordained as a priest and served in his native city of Antioch. 347-407) was a famous and controversial fourth century bishop. Sources: Encyclopaedia Judaica. Each of his sermons had its moral or social lesson. Brought to Constantinople after a dozen years of priestly service in Syria, John found himself the reluctant victim of an imperial ruse to make him bishop in the greatest city of the empire. Sign up for our newsletter: His zeal led him to decisive action. ", "It is foolishness and a public madness to fill the cupboards with clothing," John of Antioch exhorted the congregation, "and allow men who are created in God's image and likeness to stand naked and trembling with the cold so that they can hardly hold themselves upright.". ", At the same time, he said, "Preaching improves me. Preaching was to him a labour of love. Upon his death, Saint Maron was buried in a neighboring town. He then went to Rome to beg absolution, which was refused. Gregory the Theologian and John Chrysostom to Constantinople", Relics of St. John Chrysostom at the Church of St. George, Istanbul, "Thousands queue outside Cyprus church after reports of miracle-working relic", "Volumes published Sources Chrtiennes Online", "Letter of Pope Benedict XVI on the occasion of the 16th centenary of the death of St John Chrysostom", Symposium Commemorating the 1600th Anniversary of Saint John's Repose, Jewish Encyclopedia: Chrysostomus, Joannes, John Chrysostom on Patristique.org (French), Saint John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Translation of the relics of Saint John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, Synaxis of the Ecumenical Teachers and Hierarchs: Basil the Great, Gregory the Theologian, and John Chrysostom, The Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, Study Text of the Divine Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom (Ruthenian Edition, with Scriptural references), On the Priesthood, Ascetic Treatises, Select Homilies and Letters, Homilies on the Statues, Homilies on the Acts of the Apostles and the Epistle to the Romans, Homilies on the Epistles to the Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, Thessalonians, Timothy, Titus, and Philemon, Homilies on the Gospel of St. John and the Epistle to the Hebrews, The Auxiliary Resources page on the Electronic Manipulus florum Project Website, 27 January, Translation of the relics of Saint John Chrysostom to Constantinople, 30 January, Synaxis of the Three Great Hierarchs, 14 September, Repose of Saint John Chrysostom, 13 November, Saint John Chrysostom the Archbishop of Constantinople, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Chrysostom&oldid=1152472813, 5th-century Archbishops of Constantinople, 4th-century Archbishops of Constantinople, Ancient Christians involved in controversies, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles lacking in-text citations from September 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2020, Pages using sidebar with the child parameter, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 13 November (Celebration transferred from 14 September), 27 January, Translation of the relics of Saint John Chrysostom from Comana to Constantinople, 13 November, celebration was transferred from 14 September by the 10th century AD as the. Cecs.acu.edu.au Archived 11 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine hosts an online bibliography of scholarship on John Chrysostom. His bishop, the theologian Theodoret of Cyrrhus, called him "Maron the Divine" because through his prayers, he healed all who came to him with physical ormental diseases. After a short period of activity in Constantinople, Chrysostom fell victim to court intrigues and was deposed by Emperor Arcadius. Sometimes the point stung the high and mighty. John was sent into exile by Empress Eudoxia and Emperor Arcadius. Ascetic, unimposing but dignified, and troubled by stomach ailments from his desert days as a monk, John became a bishop under the cloud of imperial politics. For his honesty and courage, he paid the price of a turbulent ministry as bishop, personal vilification, and exile. Whether intended or not, sermons mentioning the lurid Jezebel and impious Herodias were associated with the empress, who finally did manage to have John exiled. St. Chrysostom as bishop of Constantinople In the ordinary course of things Chrysostom might have become the successor of Flavian at Antioch. American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. According to Robert H. Allen, "Chrysostom's learning and eloquence spans and sums up a long age of ever-growing moral outrage, fear and loathing of homosexuality. Author and Publisher - Catholic Online. St. John Chrysostom lived a simple life and was deeply concerned with the needs of the poor. In Antioch, over the course of twelve years (386397), John gained popularity because of the eloquence of his public speaking at the Golden Church, Antioch's cathedral, especially his insightful expositions of Bible passages and moral teaching. The Paschal homily or sermon (also known in Greek as Hieratikon or as the Catechetical Homily) of St. John Chrysostom (died 407) is read aloud at Paschal matins, the service that begins Easter, in Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Catholic churches. Catholic.org - with thousands of pages of magisterial content. Nortj-Meyer, L., (2014) 'Effeminacy as vilification in the letter of Jude: female sexuality and the constitution of hierarchy and authority', Learn how and when to remove this template message, collectively responsible for the death of Jesus, On the Incomprehensibility of the Divine Nature, Cathedral of the Dormition of the Mother of God, Saint John Chrysostom, patron saint archive. Particularly noteworthy[citation needed] are Sergei Rachmaninoff's Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, Op. Noun: 1. Parish history [ edit] 381 [20] . [18] Eventually, he became a lawyer. In addition to accusing the morally degenerate Jews of having viciously assassinated Christ, he also accused contemporary Jews of missionary activity that threatened Christian efforts, establishing them as an active force against the church. Saint John Chrysostom (349 - 407) was the Archbishop of Constantinople and an important Early Church Father. While parts of Chrysostom's sermons may seem limited to his own time, the vast majority of his advice has timeless relevance for the Christian family. She married Nebridius, also a prefect, was widowed soon after . Born at Antioch in Syria, John studied there as a young man with eminent teachers of rhetoric, philosophy, and theology. "La valeur historique du dialogue de Palladius et la chronologie de saint Jean Chrysostome.". [64], He says the active male victimizes the passive male in a way that leaves him more enduringly dishonored than even a victim of murder since the victim of this act must "live under" the shame of the "insolency". [69], Another important treatise written by John is titled On the Priesthood (written 390/391, it contains in Book 1 an account of his early years and a defence of his flight from ordination by bishop Meletios of Antioch, and then proceeds in later books to expound on his exalted understanding of the priesthood). JOHN CHRYSOSTOM (354407), most distinguished *Church Father of the East and one of the most virulently anti-Jewish preachers. Given to extreme asceticism, he lived as a hermit for two years before poor health forced him . [52][53] It is disputed whether the main targets were specifically Judaizers or Jews in general. He spoke against abuse of wealth and personal property: Do you wish to honour the body of Christ? 347-407) was bishop of Constantinople. He was kept in confinement at Cucusus in Armenia. [29] Hi readers, it seems you use Catholic Online a lot; that's great! Description: . He preached through many books of the Bible, though he had his favorites: "I like all the saints," he said, "but St. Paul the most of allthat vessel of election, the trumpet of heaven." [84][85][86] Since 2004 the relics have been enshrined in the Church of St. George, Istanbul. Retrospectively, his sermons underscore the potential for violence as an outflow of the early churchs need to establish its theological and social authority. [34][35][36] In 1872, church historian William Stephens wrote: The Patriarch of the Eastern Rome appeals to the great bishops of the West, as the champions of an ecclesiastical discipline which he confesses himself unable to enforce, or to see any prospect of establishing. [89], Widely used editions of Chrysostom's works are available in Greek, Latin, English, and French. [45], Chrysostom's extant homiletical works are vast, including many hundreds of exegetical homilies on both the New Testament (especially the works of Paul the Apostle) and the Old Testament (particularly on Genesis). When it came to justice and charity, John acknowledged no double standards. Shop St. Olympias. Saint John Chrysostom is the Patron Saint of: hbspt.cta.load(465210, '8844d71f-c1bb-43f4-8d86-04438b51d844', {"useNewLoader":"true","region":"na1"}); Customer Service:cservice @franciscanmedia.org, Technical Questions:support @franciscanmedia.org, Writers GuidelinesPrivacy PolicyPost a Prayer RequestDonor Portal, Most Holy Name of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Our Deepest Desires Link Us to the Divine. [26][27], His time in Constantinople was more tumultuous than his time in Antioch. What happened to the Catholic Knights Hospitaller? The emperor Arcadius therefore banished him from the city, recalled him at once, and finally banished him again the following year. "A single man inflamed with zeal was sufficient to reform a whole people" ~ St. John Chrysostom, Sermon to the . The Eastern Orthodox, together with the Byzantine Catholics, hold him in special regard as one of the Three Holy Hierarchs (alongside Basil the Great and Gregory of Nazianzus). John Chrysostom. John Chrysostom is honored on the calendars of the Church of England and the Episcopal Church on 13 September. The empress resented his sermons contrasting gospel values with the excesses of imperial court life. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-John-Chrysostom. Theophilus had disciplined four Egyptian monks (known as "the Tall Brothers") over their support of Origen's teachings. Saint John Chrysostom was the Archbishop of Constantinople and Doctor of the Church born in 347 AD in Antioch, Turkey and died on September 14 407 at the age of 58 years in Comana, Pontus, Turkey. This prompted the introduction of anti-Jewish legislation and social regulations, increasing the separation between the two communities. And a yet more disgraceful thing than these is it, when even the women seek after these intercourses, who ought to have more sense of shame than men. [51], During his first two years as a presbyter in Antioch (386387), John denounced Jews and Judaizing Christians in a series of eight homilies delivered to Christians in his congregation who were taking part in Jewish festivals and other Jewish observances. The content of his sermons, his exegesis of Scripture, were never without a point. John Chrysostom, 347-407 A.D . For the greater part of it came of their luxuriousness, which also kindled into flame their lust".[64]. In the most recent general biography of Chrysostom, eminent patristics scholar, Stephens, W.R.W., (2005) "Saint Chrysostom: His Life and Times", Elibron Classics, pp. The Prayer of St. John Chrysostom in The Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England is taken from this liturgy, hence the attribution of the prayer. Born in Antioch, c. 347, Saint John Chrysostom (Golden-mouthed) was perhaps the greatest preacher in the history of the Church, thus the name given him, and the most prominent Greek father of. St. John Chrysostom was born in Antioch, the same city in which the followers of Christ were first called "Christians" (Acts 11:26) and in which St. Ignatius, the bishop of the same, referred to these followers gathered together as the Catholic Church. If you donate just $5.00, the price of your coffee, Catholic Online School could keep thriving. Building on the anti-Jewish polemics of St. Hilary of Poitiers (another doctor of the church) and others, John sought to prevent his Christian flock from observing Jewish customs and attacked the teachings ofJudaism and the Jewish way of life. After his mother was widowed at the age of twenty, she devoted herself to bringing up John and his elder sister in the nurture and admonition of the Lord. He commands each of the faithful who prays to do so universally, for the whole world. Do not pay him homage in the temple clad in silk, only then to neglect him outside where he is cold and ill-clad. As a result of this, he was further exiled from Cucusus (where he stayed from 404 to 407) to Pitiunt (Pityus) (in modern Georgia) where his tomb is a shrine for pilgrims. Rather than rebelling against the injustice, John accepted it as God's providence. John denounced the dedication ceremonies as pagan and spoke against the empress in harsh terms: "Again Herodias raves; again she is troubled; she dances again; and again desires to receive John's head in a charger",[30][unreliable source?] The Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom was set to music by Sergei Rachmaninoff in 1910, his Opus 31. The right hand of Saint John[88][unreliable source?] No. John Chrysostom (c. 347-407) was an Archbishop of Constantinople and an important Early Church Father. [14] [15] Different scholars describe his mother Anthusa as a pagan or as a Christian. He believed that personal property is not strictly private but a trust. Because the date of his death is occupied by the feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross (14 September), the General Roman Calendar celebrates him since 1970 on the previous day, 13 September; from the 13th century to 1969 it did so on 27 January, the anniversary of the translation of his body to Constantinople. He then admitted that Jews, heretics, and pagans felt sorry for him, but Christians closed their hearts. Chrysostomic definition: Golden - tongued (used as an epithet). Antioch-born Greek prelate whose eloquent sermons earned him the name Chrysostom, "golden-mouthed." As patriarch of Constantinople (from 398), his oratory against corruption eventually led to his death. [37], Pope Innocent I protested John's banishment from Constantinople to the town of Cucusus (Gksun) in Cappadocia, but to no avail. John Chrysostom (349- ca. [56] The original Benedictine editor of the homilies, Bernard de Montfaucon, gives the following footnote to the title: "A discourse against the Jews; but it was delivered against those who were Judaizing and keeping the fasts with them [the Jews]. If any man be a wise servant, Let him rejoicing enter into the joy of his Lord. [64] The victim of a murder, by contrast, carries no dishonor. One of the recurring features of John's homilies is his emphasis on care for the needy. Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion: Homilies against Jews and Judaizing Christians, Influence on the Catechism of the Catholic Church and clergy, Legend of the penance of Saint John Chrysostom, The exact date of John's birth is in question, and dates between 344 and 349 are given. [39] St. John Chrysostom, one of the greatest Early Church Fathers of the 5th Century, was born around 347 AD. tom (krss-tm, kr-ss-), Saint John ad 347?-407. saving. "John Chrysostom". His kidnapping was arranged by a government official who wanted to adorn the church in the capital city with the best orator in Christianity. Catholic Online Saints - thousands of saints bios. [16] His father was a high-ranking military officer. 1, Op. Your gift is tax-deductible as allowed by law. Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom (Kastalsky), a choral work composed by Alexander Kastalsky in 1905. He was an excellent preacher[72] whose homilies and writings are still studied and quoted. *Ambrose of Milan) took place immediately after a series of anti-Jewish sermons on the occasion of a procession in honor of the Maccabees in 388. But he had enemies in high places and some were ecclesiastics, not the least being Theophilus, Patriarch of Alexandria, who repented of this before he died.

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