d. Men are more intelligent than women, so the family benefits more if the man uses his intelligence to work outside of the home to provide economically for the family. d. all of these. In general, men are socialized into________ roles. The idea that men have a tendency to act out in an exaggerated male role when believing their masculinity is This book uses the a. education. Problems arise when one or more racial or ethnic groups experience inequalities and discriminations. 1. In sociology, interactionism is a theoretical perspective that understands social processes (such as conflict, cooperation, identity formation) as emerging from human interaction. Gender stereotypes are present in the media in which of the following ways? The World Economic Forum ranked the gender gap in 134 countries, with the highest rank going to the countries with the smallest gender gap. Women tend to advance more quickly in STEM occupations than do men. b. little job security. c. men equally shared responsibility with the women for caring for children. According to Goffman, during an interaction, individuals will attempt to control the behavior of the other participants, in order to attain needed information, and in order to control the perception of ones own image. According to Robert Merton, the manifest functions of social institutions and their policies are intended to produce beneficial outcomes. If you meet with a male loan officer, you might state your case logically, listing all of the hard numbers that make you a qualified applicant for the loan. Children can act however they wish around their peers because children are unaware of gender roles. Conflict theories are often applied to inequalities of gender, social class, education, race, and ethnicity. 10 Which perspective argues that when income or occupation is inconsistent with traditional gender roles, individuals c. woman without children. Labeling theory Symbolic interactionist perspectives on sex work and prostitution Enable us to consider the individual perspectives of those who participate most directly in the industry c. Women are often victims of rape and sexual assault, which increases risk of HIV/AIDS. Imagine, for example, that you walk into a bank, hoping to get a small loan for school, a home, or a small business venture. The argument that sex work and prostitution can provide jobs for people who might otherwise have few options for employment is most closely associated with which of the following sociological perspectives? This is consistent with example of b. gender role ideology Teachers tend to attribute girls' success in math to their amount of effort. consent of Rice University. a. d. Southern Baptist Convention. It is easy to see how someone living in the Northeastern United States, who may know no Mexican Americans personally, might gain a stereotyped impression from such sources as Speedy Gonzalez or Taco Bells talking Chihuahua. a. increased campaign financing for female candidates then you must include on every digital page view the following attribution: Use the information below to generate a citation. a. higher fertility rates. b. Men and women are expected to perform their gender to the point that it is naturalized, and thus, their status depends on their performance. b. socially constructed. d. egalitarian, 1._______ sexism refers to the ways in which the organization of society, and specifically its institutions, subordinate individuals and groups based on their sex classification. Some people who claim a White identity have a greater amount of skin pigmentation than some people who claim a Black identity; how did they come to define themselves as Black or White? One of the ways that medical office specialists can demonstrate ethical behavior is to _____. 1. b. a set of slang terms that degrade females. "Intersectionality is not just a form of inquiry and critical analysis but necessarily also a form of praxis that challenges inequalities and opens a collective space for both recognizing common threads across complex experiences of injustice and responding to them politically" (Ferree, 2018). 1. Do you think films like "Black Panther" have the potential to change society? c. 1920 b. the practice of promoting within an organization based on seniority Christine Williams (1992) found that males encounter a _______ _____________, or invisible pressure to move up in their profession. d. the second shift. This is an example of _______. c. cardiovascular diseases. 1920 Centering race in the examination of social phenomena and inequality. 3. the social construction of race d. jobs are less dangerous. d. Sex stereotypes are reinforced and created in schools. As discussed in Chapter 1.2 with regards to the social construction of race, since some people who claim a white identity have a greater amount of skin pigmentation than some people who claim a Black identity, how did they come to define themselves as Black or white? c. occupational sex segregation. 1. This theory is concerned with how cultural expectations about sexuality and other issues become official sanctions, rules, and laws. According to symbolic interactionists, gender assignment begins a. at birth. Scholars of this perspective study how individuals act within society, and believe that meaning is produced through the interactions of individuals. d. Equal Rights Amendment, 1. According to Merton, a dysfunction would be considered a harmful latent outcome of an institutional policy or practice. c. ask girls more questions than boys. Consider how a community might increase solidarity by refusing to allow outsiders access. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, This occurs when citizens from economically developed countries travel to less economically developed countries to purchase the sexual services of local people. 1. Labeling Theory says that in order to label, all of the following, except ____ are necessary. d. manual labor. According to the________ hypothesis, differences in the earnings of women and men are the result of a. the masculine overcompensation thesis. The greatest success of early feminists was Women are more likely to be unemployed compared to men. d. motor vehicle accidents. 1. 1. In what ways might the film and characters challenge racist and negative stereotypes? Rist, R. (1970). a. objectification of women but not men. c. jobs are less physically demanding. a. pinkcollar jobs b. live about the same number of years as women. Women are overrepresented in administrative positions. In the United States, women have had to fight for, 1. Feminists argue that conceptions of gender are b. nurturant c. feeling duties. Which of the following cultures DOES NOT have a socially acceptable position for third genders? are licensed under a, Theoretical Perspectives on Race and Ethnicity, High, Low, Pop, Sub, Counter-culture and Cultural Change, Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance and Crime, Global Implications of Media and Technology, Theoretical Perspectives on Media and Technology, Social Stratification in the United States, Social Stratification and Mobility in the United States, Theoretical Perspectives on Social Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Global Stratification, Theoretical Perspectives on Government and Power, Theoretical Perspectives on Health and Medicine, Population, Urbanization, and the Environment, Introduction to Social Movements and Social Change. Income before tax Income tax rate. a. number of fictional characters that are male or female b. gendered unemployment. Which of the following illustrates "quid pro quo" sexual harassment? If the interaction is in danger of ending before an individual wants it to, it can be conserved through several steps. c. 1965 A study reported in your text examined differences between the favorite toys of 3-5 year old boys and girls found that girl toys were more likely to We can examine issues of race and ethnicity through five different sociological perspectives: functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, intersection theory, and critical race theory. Consider how much money, time, and effort went toward maintaining separate and unequal educational systems prior to the civil rights movement. 1. b. All of the following EXCEPT ____________ are core values of the ManKind Project. Conflict theories are often applied to inequalities of gender, social class, education, race, and ethnicity. b. do not address teasing or creating an uncomfortable atmosphere. For symbolic interactionists, race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity. b. women equally shared responsibility with the men for providing food, clothing, and shelter for their families. Student social class and teachers' expectations: The self-fulfilling prophecy of ghetto education. 1. 1999-2023, Rice University. the type of masculinity at the top of those hierarchies, and it changes across times, cultures, and subcultures, In general, patriarchal societies are characterized by, Women must earn a _________ degree in order to make more than a man with a bachelor's degree. This tenet can help to understand how the experiences of Black women and Latinas, for example, may vary if they are upper class and lesbian versus if they are working class and heterosexual. How can racism and discrimination contribute positively to society? The existence of a hostile work environment can be considered sexual harassment. c. private property in agricultural societies began to contribute to greater power of females in the society at large. 1. a. gender deviance hypothesis In the context of gender, if society perceives a man as masculine, that man will consider himself as masculine. b. c. women tend to choose traditionally female jobs. The belief that laws that make sex work illegal are created by people with power, influence, and the ability to institutionalize their conceptualizations of particular morals and values is most closely associated with which of the following sociological perspectives? In response to this phenomena, the sociologist Charles H. Cooleys developed the theory of the looking-glass self (1902). According to the World Health Organization, which of the following is a way that traditional definitions of gender impact the health and well being of women and girls? This concept, of course, is problematic. c. stress-related activities a. pathetic and silly. d. 98 percent, 1. b. the feminine ghetto To understand race as a social construction is to understand that racial categories are invented, manipulated, or retired when convenient ( Delgado & Stefancic, 2001, p. 7). 1. The terms masculine and feminine refer to a persons _________. a. women's career choices reflect limited options as a result of the structure of society. Intersectional theory reminds us to consider how race, gender, and social class not only impact our social structures and our social interactions but are also engrained within our social institutions. d. a female perceived to be dishonoring her family. For symbolic interactionists, race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity. c. higher levels of poverty The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. d. the Rambo effect. b. unfair treatment of employees on the basis of their sex A functionalist might look at functions and dysfunctions caused by racial inequality. The _________ states that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United 1. Carl's argument best illustrates which of the following perspectives on sex work? d. sexual norm. b. listen to girls more than boys. c. 65% In general, females are more likely than males to suffer Occupational sex segregation continues for all of the following reasons EXCEPT About 9 percent of all those trafficked are children. Consider the casually racist imagery on grocery store shelves or the stereotypes that fill popular movies and advertisements. Thus, when people perform tasks or possess characteristics based on the gender role assigned to them, they are said to be doing gender (rather than being gender), a notion first coined by West and Zimmerman (1987). STEM. Title IX of the 1972 Educational Amendments Act. Only women are affected by gender stratification. Generally, the outer ring contains elements that may change relatively often, while the elements in the inner circle are often considered more permanent. 1865 According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, we "do gender": during half of our activities only when they apply to our biological sex only if we are actively following gender roles all of the time, in everything we do 9. b. Sexism The glass ceiling refers to the lack of women in higher education. b. c. portrayal of young girls as sweet and innocent. b. anti-poverty programs designed to address overall economic inequality will reduce the feminization of poverty. c. Republican women's A conflict theory perspective . 1. c. caring. 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The Equal Rights Amendment of 1972. c. Most women's jobs are more highly valued than men's jobs. Feminism is the belief that b. refusal to ask for help a. Women earn approximately half of doctorate degrees in the U.S. Feminists argue that conceptions of gender are. a. the motherhood penalty d. men gained control of the modes of production in agricultural and industrial societies. d. Postmodernists, 1. Which event resulted in a large number of women entering the workforce? The United States ranked, 1. white over color ascendancy serves important purposes, psychic and material (p. 7) 1. c. Husbands view their wives as property, which was acquired by marriage for the purpose of taking care of their children and household. the social meanings layered on top of sex categories, are patterns or norms of speech or action that are followed with regularity to accomplish some task in an interaction. In the late nineteenth century, the rising power of Black Americans after the Civil War resulted in draconian Jim Crow laws that severely limited Black political and social power. A(n)________ individual is a person whose sense of gender identity is inconsistent with their birth sex. c. 20 (1958, Spring). c. Women's socialization better qualifies them to understand, teach, nurse, and physically care for children. d. the concentration of women in certain occupations and men in other occupations. For example, Ibram X. Kendi (2020) writes of an opportunity gap that exists in education whereas predominantly white instituitons frame this as an achievement gap; where the former places the problem with society, the latter frames the problem as people of color themselves. b. gender role ideology 1999-2023, Rice University. Interactionists believe that these meanings are derived through social interaction, and that these meanings are managed and transformed through an interpretive process that people use to make sense of, and handle, the objects that constitute their social worlds. On the other hand, Rose (1951) suggested that dysfunctions associated with racism include the failure to take advantage of talent in the subjugated group, and that society must divert from other purposes the time and effort needed to maintain artificially constructed racial boundaries. c. that are easy and that don't involve getting dirty. How does each contribute to who you are, and how would possible change alter your self-defined identity? This is forced sexual intercourse involving penetration and psychological as well as physical coercion. c. sexual harassment. Do we need more than one theory to explain racism, prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination? b. women are superior to men. a. in the entertainment industry. d. 35. b. d. all of these. 1. d. health. d. feminist, 1. d. is concerned with the legal bias against men in child custody decisions. d. passage of the Civil Rights Amendment. c. Hispanic and black female-headed households Creative Commons Attribution License Thus, if society views a man as masculine, he will also perceive himself to be masculine. d. gender deviance hypothesis, 1. a. cirrhosis of the liver. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.org. a. reliance on gender stereotyping. Net income Income tax rate. consent of Rice University. c. gender stereotypes d. all of these choices, 1. c. Symbolic interactionists Worldwide, women tend to work jobs characterized by all of the following EXCEPT Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Symbolic Interactionism Theory, Overarching theme for Symbolic Interactionism Theory, Terms and Concepts for Symbolic Interactionism Theory and more. b. with high concentrations of lesbian and gay employees. a. informal working arrangements. d. 70. This type of approach would appeal to the sensitive and relational characteristics typically associated with femininity. As you read through these theories, ask yourself which one makes the most sense and why. a. sexually explicit jokes that female office personnel find offensive This is certainly relevant to the discussion of masculinity and femininity, because the characteristics and practices of both are socially constructed, reproduced, and reinforced through daily interactions. c. 49 Want to cite, share, or modify this book? a. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. 1._________ refers to the belief that there are innate psychological, behavioral, and/or intellectual differences between women and men and that these differences connote the superiority of one group and the inferiority of the other. However, the policy led to a disproportionate stopping and detention of Black and Latinx men and ultimately deemed as unconstitutional by the courts. a. egalitarian gender roles. c. Quakers c. the timeavailability approach. c. determined by the needs of society. West & Zimmerman emphasized that gender is maintained through accountability. If we pay attention to the multiplicity of social life, perhaps our institutions and arrangements will better address the problems that plague us (Delgado & Stefancic, 2001, p. 56). 51 percent Nash (1964) focused his argument on the way racism is functional for the dominant group, for example, suggesting that racism morally justifies a racially unequal society. Rather than colorblind solutions, critical race theorists advocate for race-conscious solutions to race-based social ills. c. types of jobs women hold compared to men's jobs. b. France. On the other hand, Rose (1951) suggested that dysfunctions associated with racism include the failure to take advantage of talent in the subjugated group, and that society must divert from other purposes the time and effort needed to maintain artificially constructed racial boundaries. d. individual sexism. 1. b. c. 78 percent b. preventable complications during pregnancy and childbirth c. because women are more likely to be at home, they have more time to perform domestic chores. 1. c. genderized poverty. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. b. accountability National Order for Women (NOW) b. emotion work. d. all of these, 1. Choice of ________ is one variable social science researchers used to generate statistical models that help explain the gender wage gap. 1940s 1. Multiple layers of disadvantage intersect to create the way we experience race. Christina was not hired for the job when her potential employers found out she had three small children. Worldwide, women represent percent of representatives to legislative bodies. 1,6991,6991,699 funds. A1. The "glass escalator effect" refers to the process by which Symbolic interactionist perspectives on sex work and prostitution, Enable us to consider the individual perspectives of those who participate most directly in the industry. 1. The term "glass ceiling" refers to which of the following? b. be designed to be stimulating and exciting. The theory of doing gender is most closely associated with which of the following sociological perspectives? 1. c. Gender dysphoria c. sexual harassment OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. Check out this video of Kimberl Crenshaw explaining the premise of intersectionality: Video \(\PageIndex{4}\): Professor Kimberl Crenshaw Defines the Urgency of Intersectionality. b. a. c. greater improvements in women's health than men's health. The research finding that women who are mothers are viewed as less competent and committed to paid work than non-mothers, and that mothers feel pressured to choose professions with flexible hours is referred to as the The belief that females are less valuable than males is an example of The __________ refers to society's tendency to discourage males from expressing emotion, weakness, or vulnerability, or asking for help. a. Structural-functionalists d. double jeopardy. 1._____________ refers to the blending of traditionally defined masculine and feminine characteristics. c. when a child enters school. 1. a. employment policies. _____________ refers to the belief that there are innate differences between women and men and that these differences result in the superiority of one group and the inferiority of the other. Culture of prejudice refers to the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture. d. nearly twothirds, 1. c. die about two years earlier than women. Hence, we can observe people from various racial and ethnic backgrounds interacting harmoniously in a state of social balance. Jan 20, 2023 OpenStax. 1. Using an intersectional lens to analyze social systems, it is useful to consider how capitalism, racism, sexism, heterosexism, ageism, and/or ableism intertwine to stratify society and impact life chances for individuals and groups. . Scholars of interactionism study how individuals act within society and believe that meaning is produced through interactions. b. c. the selffulfilling prophecy. (Close-captioning available on Ted.com.). The meaning attached to racial an ethnic labels and images. Erving Goffman, one of the forefathers of this theoretical perspective, emphasized the importance of control in social interactions. Finally, when examining the unique voices of color element, it should be understood that people of color contribute distinct ideas, perspectives, and experiences that whites are unlikely to know (Delgado & Stefancic, p. 9). c. lower unemployment. ________ prohibits sex discrimination in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance. a. b. household chores are not as time consuming as jobs outside the home. According to interactionists, gender stratification exists because people act toward each other on the basis of the meanings they have for each other, and that these meanings are derived from social interaction. According to this framework, the split labor market would help to explain the ethnic antagonism that exists between white workers in the United States and undocumented workers from Latin America. The American feminist movement began in which year? d. 1945, 1. 1. Without these interactions, individuals in the dominant group would not hold racist views. The 1965 Civil Rights Act In the 115th Congress of the United States, what percentage of the elected officials were women? For instance, if a teacher labels their students as either "intelligent and motivated" or "slow and lazy" based on racial and ethnic stereotypes, this could impact interactions in the classroom and may also lead to an internalization of those stereotypes and lower academic performance (Rist, 1970; Steele, 2010). Creative Commons Attribution License the way in which the meanings assigned to sex and gender as social categories create disparities in resources such as income, power, and status.

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